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logo main
  • Testing
    • How to submit

      Please click on the button below to get all the necessary information for your testing inquiries.

      How to submit
    • Quick links
      • Testing prices
      • Shipping prices
      • Digital order form
      • Credit card payments
      • On-site testing
    • Reports
      • Verify a SSEF report
      • Understanding a SSEF report
      • SSEF Premium reports
      • GemTrack™
      • Age Dating
      • DNA Fingerprinting
    • More info
      • Coloured Gemstones
      • Diamonds
      • Pearls
      • Small Diamonds
      • Jewellery
      • SSEF Auction Highlights
  • Education
    • Gemmological courses

      Discover SSEF’s gemmological courses, calendar, and prices.

      Discover all courses
      Apply for SSEF course
    • In-person courses
      • Basic Gemmology
      • Basic Diamonds
      • Advanced Coloured Gemstones
      • Advanced Jewellery
      • Advanced Pearls
      • Advanced Small Diamonds
      • Scientific Gemmology
      • Scientific Diamonds
    • Further options
      • Free Online Courses by SSEF
      • Tailored Courses
      • Gem-A Lab Classes & Exams
      • SSEF Education Scholarships
      • SSEF Gem Gallery
  • Research
    • Research vision
    • Research library
    • GemTOF
  • Instruments
  • Media
    • Facette Magazine
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    • SSEF in the Press
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2021

Raman spectroscopic investigation of zircon in gem-quality sapphire: Application in origin determination

Raman spectroscopic investigation of zircon in gem-quality sapphire: Application in origin determination. Published in Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2021, 1–11. Link to article

Authors

  • M.S. Krzemnicki
  • W. Xu
Research Articles
GemmologyOriginsSapphireTreatments
2021

Beware: Laser Damage in Sapphires due to Jewellery Repair

Having personally tested gemstones for more than 20 years now, the author of this short note was quite shocked in recent months to see distinct laser damage features on quite a number of sapphires which were submitted to us by different clients.

Research Blog
GemmologySapphire
2020

Historic Sapphire of Catherine the Great

SSEF had the pleasure to add to this eclectic (data) collection the famous sapphire of Catherine the Great, a historic gem from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) of exceptional quality and beauty.

Research Blog
OriginsSapphire
2020

Ethiopia: New Source for Sapphires and Emeralds

In 2016 the first emeralds appeared in the gem trade which reportedly came from new deposits discovered near the town of Shakiso in southern Ethiopia. Soon after, some of these stones partly of high quality were submitted to the SSEF and we were able to collect microscopic and analytical data and to integrate a

Research Blog
EmeraldOriginsSapphire
2020

Padparadscha-like fancy sapphires with unstable colours

Fancy sapphires found in recent years in Madagascar brought to light colour stability issues. Some of these samples show an unstable colour, shifting from pinkish orange (padparadscha-like) to pink after a fading test are reported. We report on research findings on these stones and explain the causes and implic

Research Blog
Sapphire
2020

GemTOF Analyses of Sapphires from Madagascar and Kashmir

In the beginning of 2017, gem testing laboratories started to receive cut stones from a new area for gem analysis and issuing reports. As stated in a trade-alert by SSEF in early 2017, some of this new sapphire material may resemble internal features of Kashmir blue sapphires, therefore careful microscopic inve

Research Blog
GeochemistryOriginsSapphire
2019

The Talisman of Charlemagne: New Historical and Gemological Discoveries

The Talisman of Charlemagne: New Historical and Gemological Discoveries. Published in Gems & Gemology, 2019, 55(1), 30-46.

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Authors

  • D. Carole
  • F. Faure
  • G. Panczer
  • G. Riondet
  • L. Forest
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
OriginsSapphire
2019

Gemmological Analysis of a Roman Sapphire Intaglio and Its Possible Origin

Gemmological Analysis of a Roman Sapphire Intaglio and Its Possible Origin. Published in Journal of Gemmology, 2019, 36(8), 710-724.

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Authors

  • E. Butini
  • E. De Carolis
  • F. Butini
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
GemmologyOriginsSapphire
2019

Sapphires Heated with Pressure – A Research Update

Sapphires Heated with Pressure – A Research Update. Published in InColor, Spring 2019, 86-90.

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Authors

  • C. Dunaigre
  • C.C. Milisenda
  • D. Schwarz
  • E. Gambini
  • G. Choudhary
  • L. Kiefert
  • L.E. Cartier
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
  • R.W. Hughes
  • S. Kim
  • S. McLure
  • T. Leelawatanasuk
  • Y. Horikawa
Research Articles
SapphireTreatments
2018

Padparadscha-like Fancy sapphires with Unstable Colours Colouration Mechanisms and Disclosure

Padparadscha-like Fancy sapphires with Unstable Colours: Colouration Mechanisms and Disclosure. Published in InColor, 2019, No. 41, 92-94.

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Authors

  • L.E. Cartier
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
GemmologySapphire

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Age Dating Diamond DNA Emerald Gemmology Geochemistry Jade Methods Organics Origins Other Gemstones Pearl Ruby Sapphire Spinel Synthetics Tourmaline Traceability Treatments

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