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logo main
  • Testing
    • How to submit

      Please click on the button below to get all the necessary information for your testing inquiries.

      How to submit
    • Quick links
      • Pricing
      • Digital order form
      • Download order form (pdf)
      • Small diamond order form (pdf)
      • On-site testing
    • Reports
      • Verify a SSEF report
      • Understanding a SSEF report
      • SSEF Premium reports
      • GemTrack™
      • Age Dating
      • DNA Fingerprinting
    • More info
      • Coloured Gemstones
      • Diamonds
      • Pearls
      • Small Diamonds
      • Jewellery
  • Education
    • Gemmological courses

      Please click on the button below to discover SSEF’s gemmological course options, calendar and prices.

      Discover our courses
    • Course options
      • Basic Gemmology
      • Basic Diamonds
      • ATC Coloured Gemstones
      • ATC Gems & Jewellery
      • Advanced Pearls
      • Advanced Small Diamonds
      • Scientific Gemmology Course
    • More courses with us
      • Understanding Gemstones – Free Online Courses by SSEF
      • Tailored Courses
      • Gem-A Courses & Exams
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2020

GemTOF Analyses of Sapphires from Madagascar and Kashmir

In the beginning of 2017, gem testing laboratories started to receive cut stones from a new area for gem analysis and issuing reports. As stated in a trade-alert by SSEF in early 2017, some of this new sapphire material may resemble internal features of Kashmir blue sapphires, therefore careful microscopic inve

Research Blog
GeochemistryOriginsSapphire
2019

The Talisman of Charlemagne: New Historical and Gemological Discoveries

The Talisman of Charlemagne: New Historical and Gemological Discoveries. Published in Gems & Gemology, 2019, 55(1), 30-46.

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Authors

  • D. Carole
  • F. Faure
  • G. Panczer
  • G. Riondet
  • L. Forest
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
OriginsSapphire
2019

Gemmological Analysis of a Roman Sapphire Intaglio and Its Possible Origin

Gemmological Analysis of a Roman Sapphire Intaglio and Its Possible Origin. Published in Journal of Gemmology, 2019, 36(8), 710-724.

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Authors

  • E. Butini
  • E. De Carolis
  • F. Butini
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
GemmologyOriginsSapphire
2019

Sapphires Heated with Pressure – A Research Update

Sapphires Heated with Pressure – A Research Update. Published in InColor, Spring 2019, 86-90.

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Authors

  • C. Dunaigre
  • C.C. Milisenda
  • D. Schwarz
  • E. Gambini
  • G. Choudhary
  • L. Kiefert
  • L.E. Cartier
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
  • R.W. Hughes
  • S. Kim
  • S. McLure
  • T. Leelawatanasuk
  • Y. Horikawa
Research Articles
SapphireTreatments
2018

Padparadscha-like Fancy sapphires with Unstable Colours Colouration Mechanisms and Disclosure

Padparadscha-like Fancy sapphires with Unstable Colours: Colouration Mechanisms and Disclosure. Published in InColor, 2019, No. 41, 92-94.

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Authors

  • L.E. Cartier
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
GemmologySapphire
2018

Unstable Colouration of Padparadscha-like Sapphires

Unstable Colouration of Padparadscha-like Sapphires. Published in Journal of Gemmology, 2018, 36(4), 346-354.

Authors

  • A. Klumb
  • J. Braun
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
GemmologySapphire
2017

Sapphires from Ambatondrazaka, Madagascar

Madagascar, an island of many gem treasures, saw in recent months another ‘sapphire rush’ after the discovery of a new gem deposit about 35 km east of the small town of Ambatondrazaka.

Research Blog
GeochemistryOriginsSapphire
2017

Pigeon Blood Red & Royal Blue (2017)

GAHK seminar March 2017 on SSEF criteria for Pigeon blood red & Royal blue by Dr. Michael Krzemnicki (SSEF)

Presentations
RubySapphire
2017

Sapphires from a New Deposit at Bemainty near Ambatondrazaka in Madagascar

Sapphires from a New Deposit at Bemainty near Ambatondrazaka in Madagascar. Published in Incolor, 2017, 35, 44-47. Author(s): M.S. Krzemnicki

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Authors

  • H.A.O. Wang
  • L.E. Cartier
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
  • P. Lefevre
  • W. Zhou
Research Articles
OriginsSapphire
2017

New Sapphires from Ambatondrazaka, Madagascar

New Sapphires from Ambatondrazaka, Madagascar. Published in Journal of Gemmology, 2017, 35, 5, 391-392. Author(s): M.S. Krzemnicki

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Authors

  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
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