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  • Testing
    • How to submit

      Please click on the button below to get all the necessary information for your testing inquiries.

      How to submit
    • Quick links
      • Testing prices
      • Shipping prices
      • Digital order form
      • Credit card payments
      • On-site testing
    • Reports
      • Verify a SSEF report
      • Understanding a SSEF report
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      • GemTrack™
      • Age Dating
      • DNA Fingerprinting
    • More info
      • Coloured Gemstones
      • Diamonds
      • Pearls
      • Small Diamonds
      • Jewellery
      • SSEF Auction Highlights
  • Education
    • Gemmological courses

      Please click on the button below to discover SSEF’s gemmological course options, calendar and prices.

      Discover our courses
    • Course options
      • Basic Gemmology
      • Basic Diamonds
      • Advanced Coloured Gemstones
      • Advanced Jewellery
      • Advanced Pearls
      • Advanced Small Diamonds
      • Scientific Gemmology Course
      • Scientific Diamonds Course
    • Further options
      • Understanding Gemstones – Free Online Courses by SSEF
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      • Gem-A Courses & Exams
      • SSEF Education Scholarships
  • Research
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2023

Unearthing the past: harnessing history in the study of gemmology

Gemstones have been used in jewellery for millennia, with their history dating back to ancient civilizations. From Egypt to Mesopotamia, India to China, Europe and the Americas, gemstones have held deep cultural significance and have been treasured for their inherent beauty and mystical properties.

Research Blog
Gemmology
2022

Coral-ID: A forensically validated genetic test to identify precious coral material and its application to objects seized from illegal traffic

Coral-ID: A forensically validated genetic test to identify precious coral material and its application to objects seized from illegal traffic. Forensic Science International: Genetics 58 (2022), 102663

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Authors

  • A. Kratzer
  • B. Lendvay
  • F. Costantini
  • L.E. Cartier
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
  • M.V. Everett
  • N. Iwasaki
  • N.V. Morf
Research Articles
GemmologyOrganics
2022

DNA fingerprinting as a tool in modern gemmology

DNA fingerprinting as a tool in modern gemmology. Journal of the Gemm. Association of Hong Kong, Vol. 43, 13-17.

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Authors

  • B. Lendvay
  • L.E. Cartier
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
Research Articles
DNAGemmology
2022

The science of gem testing at SSEF: a fascinating tale

Gemmology is a science with its foundations more than a hundred years ago, specifically driven by the emergence of synthetic stones and cultured pearls in the gem trade in the early 20th century.

Research Blog
Gemmology
2022

Pair of sautoirs by René Lalique

René Lalique (1860-1945) was one of the most ingenious and creative designers of jewellery and glass objects at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. He significantly contributed to the Art Nouveau and Art Déco periods.

Research Blog
GemmologyPearl
2022

Gemmological study of the medieval Königsfelder diptychon

In 1298 AD, the king of Hungary Andreas II presented to his wife Queen Agnes a stone-set wooden altar piece as a royal wedding present. This small medieval artwork, known today as the Königsfelder diptychon, was originally made in Venice.

Research Blog
GemmologyMethodsOther Gemstones
2022

Souvenirs from the past: doublets uncovered at SSEF

From time to time, we get a flashback in gemmological history. This is specifically the case when we receive an antique ring with an ‘early’ Verneuil synthetic ruby showing strongly curved growth bands, or, as in the past few months, when clients submit us doublets.

Research Blog
Gemmology
2022

A new led daylight source for diamond colour grading

In 2020, a novel light source for the colour grading of diamonds was developed in a collaboration between SSEF and the Department of Physics, University of Basel (see Figure 1). In contrast to many of the models on the market, the new light source uses state-of-the-art LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights instead

Research Blog
DiamondGemmologyMethods
2022

A gemmologist’s delight: poudretteite, musgravite, taaffeite, and grandidierite

by Dr. M.S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 27 (June 2021) In recent months, the SSEF received again a number of very rare collector stones for testing. These included poudretteite, musgravite, taaffeite, and grandidierite of exceptional quality. Poudretteite, ideally KNa2B3Si12O30, is a very r

Research Blog
GemmologyOther Gemstones
2021

Zircon inclusions in unheated pink sapphires from Ilakaka, Madagascar: A Raman spectroscopic study

Zircon inclusions in unheated pink sapphires from Ilakaka, Madagascar: A Raman spectroscopic study. Published in IGC 2021 Online Proceedings, 21-23. https://www.igc-gemmology.org/igc-2021-online  

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Authors

  • H.A.O. Wang
  • M.S. Krzemnicki
  • P. Lefevre
  • W. Zhou
Research Articles
GemmologyMethodsSapphireTreatments

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Age Dating Diamond DNA Emerald Gemmology Geochemistry Jade Methods Organics Origins Other Gemstones Pearl Ruby Sapphire Spinel Synthetics Tourmaline Traceability Treatments

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