Zircon inclusions in unheated pink sapphires from Ilakaka, Madagascar: A Raman spectroscopic study
Presentation at the online 2021 International Gemmological Conference by Dr. Michael S. Krzemnicki.
Raman spectroscopic investigation of zircon in gem-quality sapphire: Application in origin determination
Raman spectroscopic investigation of zircon in gem-quality sapphire: Application in origin determination. Published in Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2021, 1–11. Link to article
Low-Temperature Heated Rubies From Mozambique
by Dr. Michael S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 22 (February 2016) Heating of rubies from Mozambique at rather low temperatures is nothing new. Immediately after the discovery of this new deposit close to Montepuez in 2009, it was obvious that part of the new material required heat treatment befor
Emeralds and the Saga of Cleaning and Filling Fissures
There is a long established tradition in the trade to fill open fissures in emeralds with colourless fillers, such as oil, wax and (artificial) resins, to reduce their visibility. Disclosure of such treatments is mandatory (CIBJO), including a quantification of the filler substance, as this may have a direct im
Spinel from Mahenge (Tanzania) and its Heat Treatment
first published in Facette 22 (February 2016) In 2007, the discovery of a huge pinkish-red spinel crystal of 52 kg in the carstic marbles at Ipangko south of Mahenge (Tanzania) resulted in a sudden supply of spinels (up to 100 cts) of a vibrant pinkish-red colour, which immediately mesmerized the market.Ap
Fake Historic Provenance: ‘Aged ’ Cultured Pearls
Most recently, we received a pearl necklace with 410 pearls strung on three regularly graduated strands. The pearls were characterized by a beautifully matching colour and a fine pearl lustre, reminiscent of ‘classic’ natural pearls from the Arabian Gulf. However, a closer look using X-ray luminescence (SSE
Fissure-filling in Paraiba Tourmaline
As with any gemstone with fissures, it is of no surprise that some Brazilian Paraiba Tourmaline is filled with a colourless foreign substance (mostly artificial resin) to modify and enhance its transparency and thus apparent beauty.
Rubies with Oil in Fissures
Over the past few years, the SSEF has repeatedly seen gemstones (apart from emeralds) which contained fissures filled with oil or other fillers. These include rubies, sapphires, spinels, tourmalines, garnets and even rarities such as pezzottaite.
Sapphires Heated with Pressure – A Research Update
Sapphires Heated with Pressure – A Research Update. Published in InColor, Spring 2019, 86-90.
Cobalt diffusion-treated spinel
Cobalt diffusion-treated spinel. Published in IGC Namibia 2017 Abstract Proceedings, 151-153. Author(s): M.S. Krzemnicki, H.A.O. Wang, T. Stephan, U. Henn