{"id":3507,"date":"2020-11-10T18:24:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-10T17:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ssef.ch\/?p=3507"},"modified":"2022-11-02T15:24:11","modified_gmt":"2022-11-02T14:24:11","slug":"emeralds-and-the-saga-of-cleaning-and-filling-fissures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/zh-hans\/emeralds-and-the-saga-of-cleaning-and-filling-fissures\/","title":{"rendered":"Emeralds and the Saga of Cleaning and Filling Fissures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Figure 1: Fluorescent reaction caused by the oil present in the fissures of an emerald. Photo: M.S. Krzemnicki, SSEF <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

by Dr. M. S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 23<\/a> (February 2017)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emerald, the green chromium-bearing variety of beryl Be3<\/sub>Al2<\/sub>Si6<\/sub>O18<\/sub>, has been highly valued as a gemstone since historic times. Emeralds are known to contain often quite large amounts of inclusion features, such as fluid and solid inclusions and fissures, poetically also known as \u2018the garden\u2019 of emeralds. Especially in emeralds from Colombia, such features can be very prominent (Ottaway et al. 1994) and reduce the transparency \u2013 and thus beauty and value of the gemstone considerably. There is a long-established tradition in the trade to fill open fissures in emeralds with colourless fillers (Figure 1), such as oil, wax and (artificial) resins, to reduce their visibility (Ringsrud 1983, Kiefert et al. 1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disclosure of such treatments is mandatory (CIBJO), including a quantification of the filler substance, as this may have a direct impact on the pricing of an emerald. To harmonise the wording, the SSEF together with the other members of the Laboratory Manual Harmonization Committee (LMHC) developed in 2007 a common wording to describe the amount of filler in fissures of emeralds (see www.lmhc-gemology. org\/pdfs\/IS5_23092010.pdf).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The current trend in the high-end trade is to prefer emeralds containing only oil (e.g. cedarwood oil) and no artificial resin (e.g. opticon) in fissures, as oil is considered the most traditional way of enhancing the clarity of an emerald. As a consequence, many emeralds originally fissure-filled with artificial resin are cleaned chemically and eventually refilled later with oil, so that the visibility of the fissures remains reduced. This poses some problems, as a refilling of fissures is very easy and fast and can thus be done in a few minutes at any time, even after it has been tested by a gemmological laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New Wording on SSEF Reports since March 2016<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a consequence, we have adopted\nsince March 2016\na new and more\ndescriptive way to describe the clarity modification of emeralds on our\nreports. We have to remind our\nclients however,\nthat any statement on a gemmological report\nalways refers\nto the situation at the time of testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We distinguish three cases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1: <\/strong>Emeralds with no fissures (very rare): As there are no fissures at the time of testing, these emeralds cannot and are not clarity enhanced by a fissure filler at the time of testing. In such a case, we will state on our report: No indications of clarity modification at the time of testing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2:<\/strong> Emeralds containing fissures, but without any clarity modification by a fissure filler are described as follows: No indications of clarity modification in fissures at the time of testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is to express that this emerald contains fissures, which should be eye-visible even to an untrained observer. Any such emerald may be refilled at any time after we have issued the report (Figure 2). We therefore strongly urge our clients to have such emeralds rechecked by SSEF before buying the gemstone, especially if the report is not a very recent one and if the emerald looks very clean without any visible fissures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 2: Colombian emerald which has been thoroughly cleaned (on the left) and which thus shows prominent fissures. After refilling these fissures with cedarwood oil, the apparent clarity of the same emerald (on the right) has distinctly improved. Both situations were analysed by SSEF and each time a report was issued, documenting the situation (first none, then moderate oil) at the time of each testing. Photo: L. Phan, SSEF <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3: <\/strong>Emeralds which do contain fissures containing a filler substance for clarity modification are described as follows: Indications of clarity modification. Minor (or moderate, significant) amount of oil (or artificial resin etc.) in fissures at the time of testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The SSEF is one of the very few laboratories, which discloses the nature of the filler substance in emeralds. This identification is mainly based on infrared spectroscopy and Raman microspectrometry, combined with meticulous microscopic observations (Kiefert et al. 1999). Since many years, we do not offer our clients anymore the option to choose whether the identity of the filler substance is mentioned or only quantified as \u2018filler\u2019. This is in line with our full disclosure policy with the aim of fully informing our clients but also the final consumer of the treatment status of a gemstone at the time of testing at SSEF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scheme of the cleaning and filling saga:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new wording is also a measure against\nthe fraudulent use of SSEF reports in cases where emeralds are refilled with oil (or artificial resin) after we have issued\na report for a previously untreated and clean\nstone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scheme of\nsuch fraudulent use of gemmological reports (not necessarily only of SSEF\nreports) usually starts with an emerald containing artificial resin to hide its\nfissures. The stone\nis then thoroughly cleaned using chemicals until\nno filler is detectable anymore in the fissures. After\nthis cleaning process,\nthe emerald – now often\nshowing prominent fissure features\n– is then submitted to a gem laboratory for testing, and eventually receives a testing report\nwhich indicates that\nno clarity modification was found. To be attractive and saleable, the same\nemerald often urgently needs some clarity enhancement after the forced cleaning.\nIts fissures are therefore again filled with a colourless filler (commonly with oil).\nThis is no problem as long as a new report is made\nstating the new treatment status\nof the emerald.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it is also obvious from the above that selling\nan emerald which has\nbeen refilled but is still accompanied with the now outdated \u2018no oil\u2019 report is fraudulent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the last few months, we have analysed a few emeralds which have been refilled – unintentionally or intentionally – but which were still accompanied with an SSEF report of the previously clean stone and thus indicating no clarity modification. Apart from being a nuisance to us and our clients, such cases are also threatening the trade as it may strongly undermine the confidence of consumers in emeralds and finally in the jewellery trade. This situation has led us to change our wording as detailed above to describe the clarity modification of emeralds (and any other gemstone). We are convinced that the new wording on our reports is adding \u2018clarity\u2019 to this complex matter and helps to prevent fraudulent use of our reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, we would like to remind our clients, that any comment on an SSEF report always indicates the opinion of the laboratory at the time of testing. We thus strongly recommend to first check the authenticity and validity of a SSEF report on www.myssef.ch <\/a>(for SSEF reports since March 2009) and\/or to have its current treatment status rechecked by SSEF, especially in case of emeralds with fissures, which may be filled so easily and fast. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Figure 3 : Example(s) of the new wording on SSEF Reports for emeralds<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Want to learn more about emeralds?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Sign up for our free online course: Introduction to emeralds<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sign up for free<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There is a long established tradition in the trade to fill open fissures in emeralds with colourless fillers, such as oil, wax and (artificial) resins, to reduce their visibility. Disclosure of such treatments is mandatory (CIBJO), including a quantification of the filler substance, as this may have a direct impact on the pricing of an emerald.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3475,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[626],"tags":[727,731],"library_category":[],"library_author":[],"class_list":["post-3507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-blog","tag-emerald","tag-treatments"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEmeralds and the Saga of Cleaning and Filling Fissures - SSEF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/emeralds-and-the-saga-of-cleaning-and-filling-fissures\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Emeralds and the Saga of Cleaning and Filling Fissures - SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There is a long established tradition in the trade to fill open fissures in emeralds with colourless fillers, such as oil, wax and (artificial) resins, to reduce their visibility. 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