{"id":29539,"date":"2023-06-23T15:14:22","date_gmt":"2023-06-23T13:14:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ssef.ch\/?p=29539"},"modified":"2023-08-29T10:48:23","modified_gmt":"2023-08-29T08:48:23","slug":"ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/zh-hans\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti-diffusion treated sapphire cabochons"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"29539\" class=\"elementor elementor-29539\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ae10602 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default qodef-backgound-letter-holder-no qodef-elementor-content-no\" data-id=\"4ae10602\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-112861b6\" data-id=\"112861b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8193a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8193a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>by Dr. M.S. Krzemnicki, first published in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/facette-2023-web.pdf\">Facette 28<\/a> (May 2023)<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a9759 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"73a9759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig1_Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-29549\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig1_Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp 960w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig1_Ti-diffusion-treated-300x190.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig1_Ti-diffusion-treated-768x486.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Five Ti-diffusion treated sapphires examined at SSEF. Photo: SSEF.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca6be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ca6be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Titanium diffusion treatment is known since decades: it can lead to a surface-related blue colour in corundum. Basically, this treatment is a heating process requiring high temperatures in combination with titanium (oxide) as an additive. During the treatment, titanium atoms penetrate into a superficial layer of corundum. By pairing with bivalent iron (already present as a trace element in the corundum structure), a strong blue colour is achieved by intervalence charge transfer (Ti4+ &#8211; Fe2+ IVCT) within this superficial layer in the corundum.<\/p><p>The artificial creation of colour by adding an element (in this case titanium) from an external source has to be fully disclosed throughout the trade and to the final consumer (CIBJO). Even more so, as this sapphire-blue colour layer at the surface of corundum is commonly only a fraction of a millimetre thick and would be completely lost during re-cutting.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0438f58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0438f58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"690\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig2_Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-29554\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig2_Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp 960w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig2_Ti-diffusion-treated-300x216.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig2_Ti-diffusion-treated-768x552.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Disc-like extension features in one of the described cabochons as proof of heating at high temperatures during the Ti-diffusion treatment. Photo: M.S. Krzemnicki, SSEF.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f150ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9f150ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig3_Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-29559\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig3_Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp 960w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig3_Ti-diffusion-treated-300x212.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/305_Fig3_Ti-diffusion-treated-768x543.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Diffused blue zone and dark blue spot around small cavity filled with glassy residue in one of the Ti-diffusion treated sapphire cabochons. Photo: M.S. Krzemnicki, SSEF.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc62ab3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc62ab3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMost of the sapphires submitted to SSEF are unheated and of high quality. It was thus a rather rare encounter when we received a series of 5 cabochons (Figure 1), all showing tell-tale signs of surface diffusion by titanium. For faceted stones, the detection of such surface-diffusion treated corundum is usually rather straightforward as they show facet- related variations in blue colour. For the described stones, however, this easy detection was not possible, as no facets were present on these cabochons. Still, we observed many newly healed fissures and characteristic discoid features (\u201catoll-structures\u201d, Figure 2) as a proof of high temperature heating. And the dark blue concentrations at small indentations and blue diffusion rims along flux-filled channels (Figure 3) clearly revealed that these stones had been diffusion treated with titanium stemming from an external source. This was also confirmed by trace element analyses on one of the dark blue spots at the surface. It revealed excessive titanium concentration about 1000 x higher than ever found in sapphires coloured naturally by the same trace elements iron and titanium.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae7f74b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ae7f74b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3fc468c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default qodef-backgound-letter-holder-no qodef-elementor-content-no\" data-id=\"3fc468c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06b8fb7\" data-id=\"06b8fb7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6514e1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6514e1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Want to learn more about sapphires?<\/h4><p>Start your journey to becoming a sapphire expert with our free online course &#8220;Introduction to sapphires&#8221;. Learn all about sapphires. Their fascinating history, how they form, where they come from. Learn about all the different origins of sapphires and their treatments. Take this course as an introduction to the wonderful world of sapphires.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28feacb elementor-widget elementor-widget-laurits_core_button\" data-id=\"28feacb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"laurits_core_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m qodef-button qodef-layout--filled qodef-html--link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/masterclass\/sapphire-en\/\" target=\"_self\"  >\n\t<span class=\"qodef-m-text\">Discover the course<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Titanium diffusion treatment is known since decades: it can lead to a surface-related blue colour in corundum. Basically, this treatment is a heating process requiring high temperatures in combination with titanium (oxide) as an additive. During the treatment, titanium atoms penetrate into a superficial layer of corundum.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":29541,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[626],"tags":[726],"library_category":[],"library_author":[],"class_list":["post-29539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-blog","tag-sapphire"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ti-diffusion treated sapphire cabochons - SSEF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/jp\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ti-diffusion treated sapphire cabochons - SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Titanium diffusion treatment is known since decades: it can lead to a surface-related blue colour in corundum. Basically, this treatment is a heating process requiring high temperatures in combination with titanium (oxide) as an additive. During the treatment, titanium atoms penetrate into a superficial layer of corundum.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/jp\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-06-23T13:14:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-08-29T08:48:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"338\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Laurent Cartier\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u4f5c\u8005\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Laurent Cartier\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 \u5206\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/jp\\\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/jp\\\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Laurent Cartier\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/zh-hans\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c855f01c061d2c7b29f823eaee439288\"},\"headline\":\"Ti-diffusion treated sapphire cabochons\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-06-23T13:14:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-08-29T08:48:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/jp\\\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":455,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/zh-hans\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/jp\\\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/06\\\/Ti-diffusion-treated-jpg.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"Sapphire\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Research Blog\"],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/jp\\\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/jp\\\/ti-diffusion-treated-sapphire-cabochons\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ti-diffusion treated sapphire cabochons - 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