{"id":46371,"date":"2026-01-05T16:44:39","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T15:44:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/?p=46371"},"modified":"2026-01-05T16:45:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T15:45:33","slug":"new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/jp\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\/","title":{"rendered":"New insights on Para\u00edba tourmaline origin determination"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"46371\" class=\"elementor elementor-46371\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18ac0dd2 e-flex e-con-boxed qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18ac0dd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25b410d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"25b410d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Determining the geographic origin of Cu-bearing tourmaline poses a significant challenge in gemmology, particularly when traditional microscopic methods yield inconclusive results.<\/p><p>This study applies a combined analytical and computational approach using 469 gem-quality samples from Brazil, Mozambique and Nigeria. A total of 57 elements (from Li to U) were quantified using full-mass-spectrum LA-ICP-TOF-MS. The high-dimensional elemental dataset was reduced to interpretable 2D maps using non-linear unsupervised machine-learning algorithms, including t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP).<\/p><p>These methods successfully identified complex patterns and distinct subgroups, revealing compositional similarities not captured by traditional linear approaches. The resulting clusters provided a clear framework for geographic origin determination of unknown samples. Elemental signatures of key elements (i.e. Na, Ca, Li, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ga, Sr, La and Pb) highlighted their influence on clustering and related geochemical variations to colour and geographic origin.<\/p><p>Unsupervised machine-learning algorithms do not rely on predefined origin labels. This reduces errors caused by uncertain origin information and helps reveal statistical outliers that may point to new or undocumented sources. By integrating colour information with compositional clustering, the method also provides a possible framework for identifying heat treatment in high-clarity stones.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-606de07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-laurits_core_button\" data-id=\"606de07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"laurits_core_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m qodef-button qodef-layout--filled qodef-html--link\" href=\"https:\/\/gem-a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/JoG2025_39_8_Wang.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"  >\n\t<span class=\"qodef-m-text\">Read the full article<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c2492 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"46c2492\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-1-New-insights-on-Paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-46380\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-1-New-insights-on-Paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-1-New-insights-on-Paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-1-New-insights-on-Paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: These Cu-bearing tourmalines (2\u201320 ct) are representative of the samples analysed in this study. They are all from Brazil except for the purple specimen on the right, which originates from Mavuco, Mozambique. The individual images are scaled to similar visual size for comparison, and to illustrate the typical colour range of Cu-bearing tourmaline. Composite photo by H. A. O. Wang and Julien Xaysongkham, SSEF.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7586d88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7586d88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-010ed67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"010ed67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-2.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-46386\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-2.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-2-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Figure-2-768x415.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: A schematic workflow illustrates the procedure using unsupervised ML to determine the geographic origin of an unknown sample. LA-ICP-TOF-MS measurements generate multielement data, which are projected in 2D\/3D space using algorithms such as t-SNE and UMAP. The resulting low-dimensional plots are then coloured according to geographic origin or other attributes, such as elemental concentration or sample colour, to reveal compositional relationships. Finally, a gemmologist compares the composition of an unknown sample to the reference data to give an opinion on its geographic origin. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be32f90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"be32f90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7580288 elementor-widget elementor-widget-laurits_core_button\" data-id=\"7580288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"laurits_core_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m qodef-button qodef-layout--filled qodef-html--link\" href=\"https:\/\/gem-a.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/JoG2025_39_8_Wang.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"  >\n\t<span class=\"qodef-m-text\">Read the full article<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Determining the geographic origin of Cu-bearing tourmaline poses a significant challenge in gemmology, particularly when traditional microscopic methods yield inconclusive results. This study applies a combined analytical and computational approach using 469 gem-quality samples from Brazil, Mozambique and Nigeria. A total of 57 elements (from Li to U) were quantified using full-mass-spectrum LA-ICP-TOF-MS. The high-dimensional [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":46374,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"library_category":[],"library_author":[],"class_list":["post-46371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>New insights on Para\u00edba tourmaline origin determination - SSEF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New insights on Para\u00edba tourmaline origin determination - SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Determining the geographic origin of Cu-bearing tourmaline poses a significant challenge in gemmology, particularly when traditional microscopic methods yield inconclusive results. This study applies a combined analytical and computational approach using 469 gem-quality samples from Brazil, Mozambique and Nigeria. A total of 57 elements (from Li to U) were quantified using full-mass-spectrum LA-ICP-TOF-MS. The high-dimensional [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-01-05T15:44:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-05T15:45:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/New-insights-on-Paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"338\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Laurent Cartier\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Laurent Cartier\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Laurent Cartier\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/zh-hans\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c855f01c061d2c7b29f823eaee439288\"},\"headline\":\"New insights on Para\u00edba tourmaline origin determination\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-05T15:44:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-05T15:45:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":361,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/zh-hans\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/01\\\/New-insights-on-Paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"jp\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/new-insights-on-paraiba-tourmaline-origin-determination\\\/\",\"name\":\"New insights on Para\u00edba tourmaline origin determination - 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This study applies a combined analytical and computational approach using 469 gem-quality samples from Brazil, Mozambique and Nigeria. A total of 57 elements (from Li to U) were quantified using full-mass-spectrum LA-ICP-TOF-MS. 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