{"id":3398,"date":"2020-04-03T14:59:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-03T12:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ssef.ch\/?p=3398"},"modified":"2022-11-02T15:29:13","modified_gmt":"2022-11-02T14:29:13","slug":"ethiopia-new-source-for-sapphires-and-emeralds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/jp\/ethiopia-new-source-for-sapphires-and-emeralds\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethiopia: New Source for Sapphires and Emeralds"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"

Figure 1: Small series of emeralds from Ethiopia analysed recently at SSEF ranging in size from 1.3 to 10 ct and showing an attractive saturated green colour. Photo: V. Lanzafame, SSEF<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

by Dr. Michael S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 24<\/a> (February 2018) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethiopia is known in the gem trade since many years mainly as an important source of opal. A first deposit was discovered in 1994 near Mezezo, about 150 miles northeast of Addis Ababa in the northern part of the Shewa Province, mostly producing opal of brown body colour and often characterised by crazing and cracking due to dehydration (SSEF Facette 2011, No.18, page 7). Later, starting from 2008, a new and even more relevant opal deposit was discovered in stratified volcanic rocks near the town of Wegel Tena in the Wollo Province in the northern part of the country. This material definitively put Ethiopia on the gem trade map, as it is until today supplying the trade with large quantities of precious opal of partly excellent quality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethiopia is geologically located\nat the northern section of the so-called Mozambique mobile\nbelt – a major Proterozoic structural metamorphic unit along East Africa and a treasure\ntrove aligning many exceptional gem deposits along this large scale geological structure. It is therefore not surprising that new gem deposits\nhave been discovered in this area,\nand we are convinced further\nwill come in the near future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emeralds from the South<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2016 the first emeralds appeared\nin the gem trade which reportedly\ncame from new deposits discovered near the town of Shakiso in southern\nEthiopia. Soon after, some of these\nstones partly of high quality were submitted to the SSEF (Figure 1) and we were\nable to collect microscopic and analytical data and to integrate a number of\nthese new emeralds from reliable\nsources and a field trip as reference material into our SSEF gemstone collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These new emeralds from\nEthiopia are in many aspects very similar to emeralds from other mica-schist\nrelated deposits, e.g. in Zambia (Kafubu) and Brazil, but clearly\ndistinguishable from Colombian or Afghan emeralds. They\noften show rectangular two- to multiphase fluid inclusions (Figure 2), fine hollow\nchannels parallel to the optical\naxis and dark brown\nmica (biotite) and\nsome prismatic amphibole. The analysed\nabsorption spectra are consistent with iron-rich emeralds from mica- schists in Zambia and Brazil, with\na distinct absorption band in the near-\ninfrared range due to iron.\nOrigin determination of these new emeralds\nat SSEF is mainly based\non a detailed trace element\nanalysis (Figure 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As with emeralds from\nother sources, material with fissures is commonly\nfilled and both oil and artificial resin\nhave been identified in emeralds from this new source at SSEF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 2: rectangular to comma-shaped fluid inclusions in an emerald from Ethiopia. The different colours in this photo are an effect of the pleochroism of emeralds. Photo: M.S. Krzemnicki, SSEF<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Figure 3: GemTOF bivariate plot using boron and lithium trace elements to separate emeralds from different schist-related deposits. Figure: M.S. Krzemnicki, SSEF <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sapphires from the North<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from this new find in the south, at nearly the same time a new sapphire deposit emerged from the remote\nEthiopian Highlands near the\ncity of Aksum\nin the Tigray\nregion of Ethiopia, close to the border to Eritrea. These sapphires are\nfound in dusty\ngravel layers of a secondary deposit related to alkali basaltic rocks produced at the northern\nend of Africa\u2019s Great Rift Valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reportedly, this new sapphire deposit\nproduces sapphires sometimes of impressive size and quality.\nHowever \u2013 as very typical for basaltic\nsapphires, they are often rather\ndark (or even too dark)\nblue, and as a\nconsequence need to be heated\n(in Sri Lanka\nor Thailand) to modify and improve their colour and clarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 4: Sapphires from Ethiopia in rough and cut form. Photo: SSEF <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The SSEF has received a selection of these sapphires for our reference collection and has analysed them in detail. They show great resemblance in inclusions, spectroscopic features and trace element concentrations with sapphires from other basaltic sources, e.g. from Rwanda (also bound to the African-Rift system), Nigeria, Thailand, Cambodia, to name a few. The separation of this new material from sapphires of classic metamorphic origin (e.g. Kashmir, Sri Lanka, Burma) is straightforward using microscopy, absorption spectroscopy, and trace elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 5: Landscape of Ethiopian highlands. Photo: S. H\u00e4nsel, SSEF <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Figure 6: UV-Vis spectrum of basaltic sapphire from Ethiopia. Figure: SSEF<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In 2016 the first emeralds appeared in the gem trade which reportedly came from new deposits discovered near the town of Shakiso in southern Ethiopia. Soon after, some of these stones partly of high quality were submitted to the SSEF and we were able to collect microscopic and analytical data and to integrate a number of these new emeralds from reliable sources and a field trip as reference material into our SSEF gemstone collection.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3399,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[626],"tags":[727,733,726],"library_category":[],"library_author":[],"class_list":["post-3398","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-blog","tag-emerald","tag-origins","tag-sapphire"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEthiopia: New Source for Sapphires and Emeralds - SSEF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/ethiopia-new-source-for-sapphires-and-emeralds\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ethiopia: New Source for Sapphires and Emeralds - SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In 2016 the first emeralds appeared in the gem trade which reportedly came from new deposits discovered near the town of Shakiso in southern Ethiopia. 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