{"id":7348,"date":"2021-07-07T15:12:03","date_gmt":"2021-07-07T13:12:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ssef.ch\/?p=7348"},"modified":"2022-11-02T15:18:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-02T14:18:34","slug":"roman-sapphire-intaglio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/de\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\/","title":{"rendered":"Roman sapphire intaglio"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

by Dr. M.S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 26<\/a> (May 2020) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 1: <\/strong>Roman sapphire intaglio engraved with the mythical creature hippocamp. Photo: V. Lanzafame, SSEF. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 2019, the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF in collaboration with the Istituto Gemmologico Nazionale IGN Rome (Italy) were able to analyse in detail a unique Roman sapphire intaglio (Figure 1), excavated in 1986 in the House of Gemmarius (Sodo, 1988) in the UNESCO World Heritage site of Pompeii (Italy). The described Roman intaglio can be considered a unique cultural heritage, not only because it is made of sapphire, a gem known to Romans but only rarely used in their jewellery (Spier, 2012), but also because it combines beauty and quality (the craftsmanship of an ancient gem engraver) with excellent conservation and a fully documented archaeological provenance. This is very much in contrast to other ancient sapphire intaglios and carvings described in literature, most of which are from historic gem collections and have a much more debatable and obscure original geographic and historic provenance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, our study is one of the rare cases where a documented archaeological jewel could be analysed in a laboratory with advanced analytical methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancient Pompeii<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ancient Pompeii was an urban settlement, located on the southern slopes\nof Mount Vesuvius in southern Italy.\nThanks to its climate and its location,\nPompeii became an important commercial centre even before becoming part of the Roman Empire\nin the 1st century BC. In November\n79 AD, an explosive eruption\nof the volcano Mount Vesuvius\nburied Pompeii under\nabout six metres\nof pumice and ashes. During\nthe eruption about 1,500 inhabitants died (the city\u2019s population was estimated to be between 6,000 and 20,000 people), among them the\nfamous naturalist Pliny the Elder, author of the encyclopaedic\nNaturalis Historia, still today a fundamental reference work for the\nancient use and provenance of gems. Pompeii\nwas not rebuilt\nagain, and by 120 AD vegetation began to cover\nthe territory it once occupied until it definitively disappeared until the first archaeological excavations in the 18th century\nrediscovered it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Painting by Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797) of the eruption of Vesuv in 79AD. Source: Huntington Library, San Marino, California. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

During the excavation of\nPompeii, a large number of jewellery and gem objects were discovered. In the House\nof Gemmarius, considered the private house and (work)shop of a gem cutter and jeweller in the southeastern part of ancient Pompeii, two wooden boxes\nwere discovered in 1986, containing amongst others the described Roman sapphire intaglio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results of the Study<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The investigated sapphire intaglio\nis a flat oval cabochon\nof 11.62 ct, engraved with the mythical hippocamp, a\nwinged \u2018sea-horse\u2019 with the upper body of a horse and the lower body and tail of a fish.\nSince ancient times, this mythological creature is one of the most common emblems\nof the marine world and especially often engraved in \u2018sea-coloured\u2019 gem materials, notably\naquamarine (pers. comm.\nThoresen, 2019).
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 3: <\/strong>Polarized absorption spectrum of the Roman sapphire intaglio (red trace) compared to typical metamorphic and magmatic (basaltic) sapphires which owe their blue colour mainly to intervalence charge transfer absorption bands. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, the bluish grey appearance of the Roman sapphire intaglio is due to Rayleigh scattering by sub-microscopic inclusions and is not related to any intervalence charge transfer process (e.g. Fe2+-Ti4+ and Fe2+-Fe3+) as can be seen in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum (Figure 3). In transmission mode, the sapphire intaglio is in fact greyish brown (Figure 4) related to the visible turbidity caused by the presence of tiny and dispersed sub-microscopic inclusions. Similar scattering effects are well known in metamorphic sapphires (e.g. from Kashmir, Sri Lanka and Madagascar) and basaltic sapphires, but only rarely seen as being the only cause of colour (e.g. basaltic sapphires from Nigeria; Pardieu et al., 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 4: <\/strong>A comparison of the Roman intaglio in reflected light (left) and transmitted light (right) reveals the different colour appearances of the sapphire (bluish grey and greyish brown, respectively). Photos by M. S. Krzemnicki, SSEF. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Based on our analytical data and microscopic observations, we can conclude that the studied Roman intaglio was crafted from an unheated sapphire originating from an alkali basalt-related deposit. An origin from the gem-gravels of Sri Lanka – known since antiquity as a source of (metamorphic) sapphires and many other gemstones- can be definitively excluded, although the gem\u2019s light bluish grey colour and appearance might be considered reminiscent of some Sri Lankan sapphires. Due to its close similarity in trace-element composition to basaltic sapphires from various deposits, a clear geographic attribution for the origin of this Roman sapphire intaglio cannot be accomplished based on the currently available data. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Origin of the Ancient Sapphire<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the existing\nliterature, which commonly\nrefers to the origin of ancient sapphires as Southeast Asia\nand the Far East, we propose in light of historically documented extensive trade relations between ancient Rome\nand Ethiopia (the\nkingdom of Aksum)\nthat an Ethiopian origin of the studied Roman sapphire intaglio\nas similarly plausible, although we have no direct\nevidence (by gemmological data, archaeological excavations, or historical accounts) for our hypothesis. Another option for such basalt-\nrelated sapphires might be the sites in the Massif Central in France. Although first\nmentioned only in the 13th century (Forestier, 1993), they might have been known as early as the 1st century AD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 5: <\/strong>This map illustrates ancient trade routes from Aksum towards the Roman Empire and elsewhere. Modified from Addis Herald, www.addisherald.com\/aksumite-empire\/#gmedia10093.<\/a> Courtesy of Journal of Gemmology, 2019. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

This study clearly shows that more detailed research on basalt-related ancient (Roman) sapphires is necessary. Especially with the recent progress in gemstone testing using chemical fingerprinting (e.g. GemTOF; Wang et al. 2016), statistical methodology (e.g. non-linear algorithms; see Wang et al., 2019) and stable isotopes (oxygen; see Giuliani et al. 2000, 2009, 2014) it might be possible to verify in future if the recently discovered sapphire-rich deposit near Aksum was known in ancient times as a source for gem-quality basaltic sapphires of milky bluish and dark blue colours. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Want to learn more about sapphires?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Sign up for our free online course: Introduction to sapphires<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sign up for free<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Dr. M.S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 26 (May 2020) In 2019, the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF in collaboration with the Istituto Gemmologico Nazionale IGN Rome (Italy) were able to analyse in detail a unique Roman sapphire intaglio (Figure 1), excavated in 1986 in the House of Gemmarius (Sodo, 1988) in the UNESCO World Heritage […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7349,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[626],"tags":[726],"library_category":[],"library_author":[],"class_list":["post-7348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-blog","tag-sapphire"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRoman sapphire intaglio - SSEF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Roman sapphire intaglio - SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Dr. M.S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 26 (May 2020) In 2019, the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF in collaboration with the Istituto Gemmologico Nazionale IGN Rome (Italy) were able to analyse in detail a unique Roman sapphire intaglio (Figure 1), excavated in 1986 in the House of Gemmarius (Sodo, 1988) in the UNESCO World Heritage […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-07-07T13:12:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-02T14:18:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/405_Fig1_Roman-intaglio-jpg.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"655\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Laurent Cartier\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Laurent Cartier\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5\u00a0Minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Laurent Cartier\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/zh-hans\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c855f01c061d2c7b29f823eaee439288\"},\"headline\":\"Roman sapphire intaglio\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-07-07T13:12:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-02T14:18:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":996,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/zh-hans\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/405_Fig1_Roman-intaglio-jpg.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"Sapphire\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Research Blog\"],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ssef.ch\\\/roman-sapphire-intaglio\\\/\",\"name\":\"Roman sapphire intaglio - 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