{"id":3336,"date":"2020-03-18T12:29:54","date_gmt":"2020-03-18T11:29:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ssef.ch\/?p=3336"},"modified":"2022-12-08T12:07:43","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T11:07:43","slug":"padparadscha-like-fancy-sapphires-with-unstable-colours","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/de\/padparadscha-like-fancy-sapphires-with-unstable-colours\/","title":{"rendered":"Padparadscha-like fancy sapphires with unstable colours"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Figure 1: Fancy sapphire recently found in Madagascar showing an unstable colour, shifting from pinkish orange (padparadscha-like) to pink after a fading test. Photo: SSEF. <\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

by Dr. Michael S. Krzemnicki, first published in Facette 24<\/a> (February 2018)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colour and the stability of colour centres<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The colour of corundum varieties is commonly\nrelated to the presence of colouring trace elements, such as chromium (for the\nred of rubies) and iron combined with titanium (for the blue of sapphires). As\nsuch, the equation is very simple: the more of these traces are present, the\ndeeper saturated or dark the colour may be. Yellow sapphires are more complex\nas they can owe their colour to various causes, including so-called colour\ncentres. Such colour centres are in fact structural defects at an atomic level,\nwhich when activated absorb certain parts of light (for yellow sapphires mainly\nin the blue range of the visible spectrum), thus resulting in different shades\nof yellow. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

It has been known for many years that some of these (naturally formed) yellow colour centres in corundum are not stable, resulting in a slowly fading yellow colour upon exposure of the gemstone to daylight. Similar colour centres which are unstable under normal daylight are in fact not so rare in mineralogy. Known examples include certain (Alpine) amethyst crystals and this phenomenon can be quite dramatic for Maxixe-type (irradiated blue) beryl. It has also been described for (untreated) hackmannite, a rare sulphur-bearing variety of scapolite, which can be coloured stunningly purple by placing the stone under a UV lamp for a few minutes, before the colour fades out again (rather quickly) under daylight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ncase of yellow sapphires<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The effect of fading in daylight and\nreactivation by UV radiation is known in scientific literature as reversible\nphotochromism or tenebrescence. Interestingly, this effect has already been\nreported for synthetic corundum and observed in our own in-house\ncolour-stability studies on a small number of natural yellow sapphires from Sri\nLanka (see Figure 2, and Hughes 1998). In all our studies, this group of yellow\nsapphires consistently gained slight brownish yellow to marked yellow tones\nafter UV exposure, which under normal light conditions would fade out over a\nperiod of several days. It has to be said that all these tenebrescent natural\nyellow sapphires do not fade out completely after applying a fading test. They\ndid not become colourless but just showed a noticeable reduction in their\nyellow colour saturation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 2: Yellow sapphire of >50 ct with unstable (reversible colour), seen before fading test (left), after fading test (middle), and after exposure to UV radiation (right). Photos: J. Xaysongkham, SSEF.<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

As a consequence of this, it is our normal\nprocedure at SSEF to test the colour stability of (metamorphic) yellow\nsapphires \u2013 always with the permission of the client. The result of the fading\ntest (colour considered stable or colour unstable) is then disclosed in the\ncomment section of our SSEF reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ncase of padparadscha with unstable (reversible) colour<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the past year, a new corundum deposit\nemerged near the small town of Ambatondrazaka in Central-East Madagascar (see\nlast SSEF Facette, No. 23, page 15, and ICA InColor No. 35, Spring 2017, pages\n44-47). This new site has produced an impressive range of sapphires \u2013 mainly\nblue of partly excellent beauty and size \u2013 but also a range of other fancy\ncolours, including subtle pinkish orange stones, a colour variety known and\nhighly appreciated in the trade as padparadscha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, part of these stones show a\ndistinct change of colour over time shifting from a distinct pinkish orange to\njust pink in the course of weeks. Similar to the above mentioned yellow\nsapphires, the colour of these stones with unstable colours can be restored\nafter a short exposure to UV light, so that they become pinkish orange again\n(at least until they start to slowly fade out again in daylight). In other\nterms, the stable colour of these stones is in fact pink (chromium-related),\nand the superposed unstable colour is yellow (due to an unstable yellow colour\ncentre), resulting \u2013 if activated – in an overall orange to pinkish orange\ncolour of the stone (Figure 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 3: Fancy sapphire from Ambatondrazaka (Madagascar) showing pink colour (actually the chromium-related stable colour of this stone), which shifts to pinkish orange after activation of the yellow colour centre, and subsequently returns to pure pink after fading (back to stable colour). Photos: V. Lanzafame, SSEF.<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The reason for this quite unusual colour change (instability) of this new material from Madagascar is very similar to the above mentioned yellow sapphires. Their subtle padparadscha colour is in fact a mix of a weak chromium-related absorption (resulting in a pink colour) superposed by broad absorption bands due to yellow colour centres. In cases where such a colour centre is not stable, it results in the observed shift of colour from pinkish orange (colour centre active) to pink (colour centre inactive). Spectroscopically spoken, the colour shift results from a distinct reduction (fading out) of a yellow colour centre, as can be seen in absorption spectra before and after fading tests (Figure 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 4: UV-Vis absorption spectra (normalised) of a fancy sapphire from Madagascar with unstable colour before (pinkish orange colour) and after (pink colour) fading test. Apart from absorption bands by chromium and small peak by iron (Fe3+<\/sup>), these two spectra demonstrate that the underlying yellow colour centre (schematically drawn with a light grey dotted line) is disappearing. The observed difference in colour is mainly due to the more prominent transmission window in the blue part of the spectrum (red arrow), thus shifting the colour of the stone distinctly to pink. Figure: M.S. Krzemnicki, SSEF.<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fading\ntest and disclosure of unstable colour on SSEF reports<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on current scientific knowledge, the\ncolour stability of gemstones can be quite easily tested \u2013 even by a\nwell-trained gemstone dealer. Before testing, the colour of the gemstone has to\nbe very well defined (e.g. with Munsell colour charts or other Colour Scan\nsystems). The stone is placed on a metallic reflecting plate and then exposed\nduring approximately 3 hours to a very strong fibre optic light source\n(halogen). After this, the colour is again meticulously determined. Any noticeable\nchange\/shift may also be confirmed by UV-Vis spectra taken before and after the\nfading test. To check restoration of colour with UV radiation, the stone is\nsubsequently placed table down directly on a strong UV light source (in a dark\nbox) and exposed for about 10 minutes to UV radiation. Again, the colour needs\nto be meticulously determined to check if any change has occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In cases where this tenebrescent shift of\ncolour is only minimal (as we observed in a few padparadschas from Sri Lanka),\nit can be neglected and does not need specific attention. Some of this new\nmaterial from Madagascar, however, has shown a very marked shift of colour from\n(slightly pinkish) orange to pure pink (Figure 2), which in our opinion\nrequires specific disclosure. Buying a stone as padparadscha and seeing it a\nfew weeks later as a just pink sapphire might be quite disillusioning for a\nconsumer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a consequence, the SSEF is now regularly\ncarrying out fading tests on padparadscha and padparadscha-like sapphires,\nagain always with the consent of the client. We then disclose the stability of\ncolour on our reports in the comments section. A further consequence of these\nnew stones shifting from orange to pure pink, is that we do not call these\nstones padparadscha, but fancy sapphire, adding in such cases an explanation\nletter to our report. In our understanding, the term padparadscha is only\napplicable for sapphires of subtle orange pink to pinkish orange colour which do\nnot show a noticeable colour shift. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fancy\nsapphire with \u2018chameleon effect\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

Figure 5: An attractive fancy sapphire from Madagascar showing an unstable (but reversible) colour shift, somehow reminiscent to the chameleon effect in diamonds. Background photo: www.nationalgeographic.com.au<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In summary, these orange to pink fancy sapphires of unstable colour – so far observed only from this new source in Madagascar \u2013 can still be very attractive in colour and size (Figure 5). The colour shift they show is certainly a challenge for the trade dealing with padparadscha sapphires. However, the good news is that this process is reversible, in many ways similar to the phenomenon found in so-called chameleon diamonds. As such, we suggest that the trade not just be worried, but also has the option of embracing this new material and appreciating this \u2018chameleon effect\u2019 as something special. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fancy sapphires found in recent years in Madagascar brought to light colour stability issues. Some of these samples show an unstable colour, shifting from pinkish orange (padparadscha-like) to pink after a fading test are reported. We report on research findings on these stones and explain the causes and implications of the phenomena involved.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3337,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[626],"tags":[726],"library_category":[],"library_author":[],"class_list":["post-3336","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-blog","tag-sapphire"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPadparadscha-like fancy sapphires with unstable colours - SSEF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssef.ch\/de\/padparadscha-like-fancy-sapphires-with-unstable-colours\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Padparadscha-like fancy sapphires with unstable colours - SSEF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Fancy sapphires found in recent years in Madagascar brought to light colour stability issues. 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Some of these samples show an unstable colour, shifting from pinkish orange (padparadscha-like) to pink after a fading test are reported. 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